Burnout: risk groups, causes and symptoms
Burnout is a term that has become increasingly common in discussions about mental health and well-being, particularly in the context of work and personal responsibilities. Recognised officially by the European Union as a disease, burnout is a state of emotional, physical and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged and excessive stress. Understanding the risk groups, contributing factors and symptoms of burnout is crucial for prevention and intervention.
Who Is at Risk of Burnout?
Burnout can affect anyone, but certain groups are more vulnerable due to specific life circumstances or personality traits:
Professionals in high-stress jobs: healthcare workers, teachers, social workers and emergency responders often face intense workloads, emotional demands and high stakes, putting them at greater risk.
Caregivers: individuals caring for children, elderly family members or those with chronic illnesses often experience high levels of stress and insufficient support.
Young professionals and students: early-career individuals and students juggling demanding workloads and the pressure to succeed are particularly vulnerable.
People in unstable or low-control work environments: those in jobs with little autonomy, poor management or frequent layoffs may feel powerless, increasing stress and burnout risks.
Psychological, character trait, and external factors
Psychological factors play a significant role in burnout. Perfectionism, for instance, leads individuals to set excessively high standards for themselves, making it difficult to feel satisfied with their achievements. A lack of emotional resilience can also exacerbate feelings of overwhelm, as these individuals struggle to cope with stress or setbacks. Additionally, chronic anxiety or depression can amplify the impact of external stressors, creating a cycle of mental and emotional exhaustion.
Character traits can further contribute to burnout. Highly driven people with overachievement tendencies often overcommit and struggle to delegate tasks, leaving little room for rest or recovery. Similarly, individuals with people-pleasing tendencies may prioritize others' needs over their own, leading to emotional and physical exhaustion. Low self-esteem can also drive individuals to overwork in an attempt to prove their value, perpetuating stress and burnout.
External factors are equally important in understanding burnout. A heavy workload and constant time pressure are among the most common contributors, as individuals struggle to meet excessive demands and tight deadlines. The lack of support, whether social or organisational, can leave individuals feeling isolated and overwhelmed. Role ambiguity, where job expectations are unclear or conflicting, can create frustration and anxiety. Finally, work-life imbalance, characterised by an inability to disconnect from work and rest adequately, significantly increases the risk of burnout.
Symptoms of Burnout
The symptoms of burnout are multifaceted, affecting individuals emotionally, physically, and behaviourally. Recognising these signs early is critical for effective intervention:
Emotional symptoms:
Chronic feelings of exhaustion, even after adequate rest.
Increased cynicism, negativity, or detachment from work or other responsibilities.
Feelings of ineffectiveness and lack of accomplishment.
Physical symptoms:
Persistent fatigue and low energy.
Frequent headaches or muscle pain.
Changes in sleep patterns, such as insomnia or oversleeping.
Increased susceptibility to illness due to weakened immunity.
Behavioral symptoms:
Procrastination or reduced productivity.
Withdrawal from social interactions.
Overuse of coping mechanisms, such as alcohol or overeating.
Difficulty concentrating or making decisions.
Burnout as an Official Disease in the EU
In 2019, the World Health Organisation (WHO) included burnout in its International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as an occupational phenomenon. The European Union has since recognised burnout as an official disease, emphasising the need for workplace interventions and systemic support to address this growing issue.
Burnout is a serious and complex condition that affects millions worldwide. By identifying those at risk and understanding the contributing factors and symptoms, individuals and organizations can take proactive steps to prevent and manage burnout. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of burnout, seeking professional help and making lifestyle adjustments are crucial steps toward recovery and improved well-being.
